The Indiana Science Proficiency Guide

The STANDARDS CORRELATION chart suggests which The Indiana Science Proficiency Guide standards you can cover using PASSPORT TO THE SOLAR SYSTEM in your classroom. We hope you will discover additional standards you can use. These are the ones our Instructional Materials Development team felt most directly related to the activities contained in PASSPORT TO THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

For additional The Indiana Science Proficiency Guide standards you can cover see the STANDARDS CORRELATION chart for the following PASSPORT TO KNOWLEDGE projects:

PASSPORT TO ANTARCTICA

PASSPORT TO THE RAINFOREST

PASSPORT TO WEATHER AND CLIMATE

LIVE FROM MARS 2001/2002

PASSPORT TO THE UNIVERSE

Kindergarten,   First Grade,   Second Grade,   Third Grade,   Fourth Grade,   Fifth Grade,   Sixth Grade,   Seventh Grade,   Eighth Grade
High School: Chemistry,   Physics,   Earth

Kindergarten

Standard 1:
The Nature of Science and Technology

Students are actively engaged in beginning to explore how their world works. They explore, observe, ask questions, discuss observations, and seek answers.

 

Scientific Inquiry

 

K.1.1 Raise questions about the natural world.

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The Scientific Enterprise

 

K.1.2 Begin to demonstrate that everybody can do science.

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Standard 2:
Scientific Thinking

Students are actively engaged in beginning to explore how their world works. They explore, observe, ask questions, discuss observations, and seek answers.

 

Students use numbers, pictures, and words when observing and communicating to help them begin to answer their questions about the world.

 

Computation and Estimation

 

K.2.1 Use whole numbers*, up to 10, in counting, identifying, sorting, and describing objects and experiences.
*whole numbers: 0,1,2,3,etc.

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Communication

 

K.2.2 Draw pictures and write words to describe objects and experiences.

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Standard 3:
The Physical Setting

Students investigate, describe, and discuss their natural surroundings. They begin to question why things move.

 

Matter and Energy

 

K.3.1 Describe objects in terms of the materials they are made of such as clay, cloth, paper, etc.

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Forces of Nature

 

K.3.2 Investigate that things move in different ways such as fast, slow, etc.

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Standard 5:
The Mathematical World

Students use shapes to compare objects and they begin to recognize patterns.

 

Shapes and Symbolic Relationships

 

K.5.1 Use shapes, such as circles, squares, rectangles, and triangles, to describe different objects.

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Standard 6:
Common Themes

Students begin to understand how things are similar and how they are different. They look for ways to distinguish between different objects by observation.

 

Models and Scale

 

K.6.1 Describe an object by saying how it is similar to or different from another object.

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First Grade

Standard 1:
The Nature of Science and Technology

Students are actively engaged in exploring how the world works. They explore, observe, count, collect, measure, compare, and ask questions. They discuss observations and use tools to seek answers and solve problems. They share their findings.

 

Scientific Inquiry

 

1.1.1 Observe, describe, draw, and sort objects carefully to learn about them.

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1.1.2 Investigate and make observations to seek answers to questions about the world , such as
"In what ways do animals move?"

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Technology and Science

 

1.1.4 Use tools, such as rulers and magnifiers, to investigate the world and make observations.
*observation: gaining information through the use of one or more of the senses, such as sight, smell, etc.

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Standard 2:
Scientific Thinking

Students begin to find answers to their questions about the world by using measurements, estimation, and observation as well as working with materials. They communicate with others through numbers, words, and drawings.

 

Computation and Estimation

 

1.2.1 Use whole numbers*, up to 100, in counting, identifying, measuring, and describing objects and experiences.

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1.2.2 Use sums and differences of single digit numbers in investigations and judge the reasonableness of the answers.

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1.2.3 Explain to other students how to go about solving numerical problems.
*whole numbers: 0,1,2,3,etc.

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Manipulation and Observation

 

1.2.4 Measure the length of objects having straight edges in inches, centimeters, or non-standard units.

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1.2.5 Demonstrate that magnifiers help people see things they could not see without them.

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Communication Skills

 

1.2.6 Describe and compare objects in terms of number, shape, texture, size, weight, color, and motion.

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1.2.7 Write brief informational descriptions of a real object, person, place, or event using information from observations.

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Standard 3:
The Physical Setting

Students investigate, describe, and discuss their natural surroundings. They question why things move and change.

 

Matter and Energy

 

1.3.3 Investigate by observing and also measuring that the sun warms the land, air, and water.

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Forces of Nature

 

1.3.4 Investigate by observing , and then describe how things move in many different ways, such as straight, zigzag, round and round, and back and forth.

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1.3.5 Recognize that and demonstrate how things near the earth fall to the ground unless something holds them up.

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Standard 5:
The Mathematical World

Students apply mathematics in scientific contexts. They begin to use numbers for computing, estimating, naming, measuring, and communicating specific information. They make picture graphs and recognize patterns.

 

Numbers

 

1.5.1 Use numbers, up to 10, to place objects in order, such as first, second, and third, and to name them, such as bus numbers or phone numbers.

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1.5.2 Make and use simple picture graphs to tell about observations.

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Shapes and Symbolic Relationships

 

1.5.3 Observe and describe similar patterns, such as shapes, designs, and events that may show up in nature, like honeycombs, sunflowers, or shells. See similar patterns in the things people make like quilts, baskets, or pottery.

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Standard 6:
Common Themes

Students begin to understand how things are similar and how they are different. They look for what changes and what does not change and make comparisons.

 

Models and Scale

 

1.6.1 Observe and describe that models, such as toys, are like the real things in some ways but different in others.

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Constancy and Change

 

1.6.2 Observe that and describe how certain things change in some ways and stay the same in others, such as in their color, size, and weight.

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Second Grade

Standard 1:
The Nature of Science and Technology

Students are actively engaged in exploring how the world works. They explore, observe, count, collect, measure, compare, and ask questions. They discuss observations* and use tools to seek answers and solve problems. They share their findings.

 

Scientific Inquiry

 

2.1.1 Manipulate an object to gain additional information about it.

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2.1.2 Use tools, such as thermometers, magnifiers, rulers, or balances, to gain more information about objects.

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2.1.3 Describe, both in writing and verbally, objects as accurately as possible and compare observations with those of other people.

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2.1.4 Make new observations when there is disagreement among initial observations.

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The Scientific Enterprise

 

2.1.5 Demonstrate the ability to work with a team but still reach and communicate one’s own conclusions about findings.

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Technology and Science

 

2.1.6 Use tools to investigate, observe, measure, design, and build things.

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2.1.7 Recognize and describe ways that some materials can be used over again such as recycled paper, cans, and plastic jugs.
*observation: gaining information through the use of one or more of the senses, such as sight, smell, etc.

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Standard 2:
Scientific Thinking

Students begin to find answers to their questions about the world by using measurement, estimation, and observation as well as working with materials. They communicate with others through numbers, words, and drawings.

 

Computation and Estimation

 

2.2.1 Give estimates of numerical answers to problems before doing them formally.

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2.2.2 Make quantitative estimates of familiar lengths, weights, and time intervals and check them by measurements.

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2.2.3 Estimate and measure capacity using cups and pints.

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Manipulation and Observation

 

2.2.4 Assemble, describe, take apart, and/or reassemble constructions using such things as interlocking blocks and erector sets. Sometimes pictures or words may be used as a reference.

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Communication Skills

 

2.2.5 Draw pictures and write brief descriptions that correctly portray key features of an object.

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Standard 3:
The Physical Setting

Students investigate, describe, and discuss their natural surroundings. They wonder why things move and change.

 

The Earth and the Processes That Shape It

 

2.3.1 Investigate by observing and then describe that some events in nature have a repeating pattern such as seasons, day and night, and migrations.

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Forces of Nature

 

2.3.7 Investigate and observe that the way to change how something is moving is to give it a push or a pull.

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2.3.8 Demonstrate and observe that magnets can be used to make some things move without being touched.

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Standard 5:
The Mathematical World

Students apply mathematics in scientific contexts. They use numbers for computing, estimating, naming, measuring, and communicating specific information. They make picture and bar graphs. They recognize and describe shapes and patterns. They use evidence to explain how or why something happens.

 

Numbers

 

2.5.1 Recognize and explain that, in measuring, there is a need to use numbers between whole numbers*, such as 2 ½ inches.
*whole numbers: 0,1,2,3,etc.

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2.5.2 Recognize and explain that it is often useful to estimate quantities.

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Shapes and Symbolic Relationships

 

2.5.3 Observe that and describe how changing one thing can cause changes in something else such as exercise and its effect on heart rate.

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Reasoning and Uncertainty

 

2.5.4 Begin to recognize and explain that people are more likely to believe ideas if good reasons are given for them.

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2.5.5 Explain that some events can be predicted with certainty, such as sunrise and sunset, and some cannot, such as storms. Understand that people aren’t always sure what will happen since they do not know everything that might have an effect.

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2.5.6 Explain that sometimes a person can find out a lot (but not everything) about a group of things, such as insects, plants, or rocks, by studying just a few of them.

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Standard 6:
Common Themes

Students begin to observe how objects are similar and how they are different. They begin to identify parts of an object and recognize how these parts interact with the whole. They look for what changes and what does not change and make comparisons.

 

Systems

 

2.6.1 Investigate that most objects are made of parts.

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Models and Scale

 

2.6.2 Observe and explain that models may not be the same size, may be missing some details, or may not be able to do all of the same things as the real things.

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Constancy and Change

 

2.6.3 Describe that things can change in different ways, such as in size, weight, color, age, and movement. Investigate that some small changes can be detected by taking measurements.

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Third Grade

Standard 1:
The Nature of Science and Technology

Students, working collaboratively, carry out investigations. They question, observe, and make accurate measurements. Students increase their use of tools, record data in journals, and communicate results through chart, graph, written, and verbal forms.

 

The Scientific View of the World

 

3.1.1 Recognize and explain that when a scientific investigation is repeated, a similar result is expected.

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Scientific Inquiry

 

3.1.2 Participate in different types of guided scientific investigations such as observing objects and events and collecting specimens for analysis.

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3.1.3 Keep and report records of investigations and observations* using tools such as journals, charts, graphs, and computers.

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3.1.4 Discuss the results of investigations and consider the explanations of others. *observation: gaining information through the use of one or more of the senses, such as sight,
smell, etc.

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The Scientific Enterprise

 

3.1.5 Demonstrate the ability to work cooperatively while respecting the ideas of others and communicating one’s own conclusions about findings.

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Technology and Science

 

3.1.6 Give examples of how tools, such as automobiles, computers, and electric motors, have affected the way we live.

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3.1.7 Recognize that and explain how an invention can be used in different ways, such as a radio being used to get information and for entertainment.

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3.1.8 Describe how discarded products contribute to the problem of waste disposal and that recycling can help solve this problem.

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Standard 2:
Scientific Thinking

Students use a variety of skills and techniques when attempting to answer questions and solve problems. They describe their observations accurately and clearly, using numbers, words, and sketches, and are able to communicate their thinking to others.

 

Computation and Estimation

 

3.2.1 Add and subtract whole numbers* mentally, on paper, and with a calculator.
*whole numbers: 0,1,2,3, etc.

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Manipulation and Observation

 

3.2.2 Measure and mix dry and liquid materials in prescribed amounts, following reasonable safety precautions.

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3.2.3 Keep a notebook that describes observations and is understandable weeks or months later.

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3.2.4 Appropriately use simple tools, such as clamps, rulers, scissors, hand lenses, and other technology, such as calculators and computers, to help solve problems.

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3.2.5 Construct something used for performing a task out of paper, cardboard, wood, plastic, metal, or existing objects.

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Communication Skills

 

3.2.6 Make sketches and write descriptions to aid in explaining procedures or ideas.

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Critical Response Skills

 

3.2.7 Ask "How do you know?" in appropriate situations and attempt reasonable answers when others ask the same question.

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Standard 3:
The Physical Setting

Students observe changes of the Earth and sky. They continue to explore the concepts of energy* and motion*.

 

The Universe

 

3.3.1 Observe and describe the apparent motion of the sun and moon over a time span of one day.

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3.3.2 Observe and describe that there are more stars in the sky than anyone can easily count, but they are not scattered evenly.

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3.3.3 Observe and describe that the sun can be seen only in the daytime.

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3.3.4 Observe and describe that the moon looks a little different every day, but looks the same again about every four weeks.

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Forces of Nature

 

3.3.9 Demonstrate that things that make sound do so by vibrating, such as vocal cords and musical instruments.
*energy: what is needed to make things move
*motion: the change in position of an object in a certain amount of time
*matter: has mass* and takes up space
*mass: a measure of how much matter is in an object

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Standard 5:
The Mathematical World

Students apply mathematics in scientific contexts. Students make more precise and varied measurements when gathering data. Based upon collected data, they pose questions and solve problems. Students use numbers to record data and construct graphs and tables to communicate their findings.

 

Numbers

 

3.5.1 Select and use appropriate measuring units, such as centimeters (cm) and meters (m), grams (g) and kilograms (kg), and degrees Celsius (C).

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3.5.2 Observe that and describe how some measurements are likely to be slightly different, even if what is being measured stays the same.

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Shapes and Symbolic Relationships

 

3.5.3 Construct tables and graphs to show how values of one quantity are related to values of another.

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3.5.4 Illustrate that if 0 and 1 are located on a line, any other number can be depicted as a position on the line.

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Reasoning and Uncertainty

 

3.5.5 Explain that one way to make sense of something is to think of how it relates to something more familiar.

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Standard 6:
Common Themes

Students work with an increasing variety of systems and begin to modify parts in systems and models and notice the changes that result. They question why change occurs.

 

Systems

 

3.6.1 Investigate how and describe that when parts are put together, they can do things that they could not do by themselves.

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3.6.2 Investigate how and describe that something may not work if some of its parts are missing.

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Models and Scale

 

3.6.3 Explain how a model of something is different from the real thing but can be used to learn something about the real thing.

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Constancy and Change

 

3.6.4 Take, record, and display counts and simple measurements of things over time, such as plant or student growth.

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3.6.5 Observe that and describe how some changes are very slow and some are very fast and that some of these changes may be hard to see and/or record.

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Fourth Grade

Standard 1:
The Nature of Science and Technology

Students, working collaboratively, carry out investigations. They observe and make accurate measurements, increase their use of tools and instruments, record data in journals, and communicate results through chart, graph, written, and verbal forms.

 

The Scientific View of the World

 

4.1.1 Observe and describe that scientific investigations generally work the same way in different places.

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Scientific Inquiry

 


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4.1.2 Recognize and describe that results of scientific investigations are seldom exactly the same. If differences occur, such as a large variation in the measurement of plant growth, propose reasons for why these differences exist, using recorded information about investigations.

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The Scientific Enterprise

 

4.1.3 Explain that clear communication is an essential part of doing science since it enables scientists to inform others about their work, to expose their ideas to evaluation by other scientists, and to allow scientists to stay informed about scientific discoveries around the world.

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4.1.4 Describe how people all over the world have taken part in scientific investigation for many centuries.

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Technology and Science

 

4.1.5 Demonstrate how measuring instruments, such as microscopes, telescopes, and cameras, can be used to gather accurate information for making scientific comparisons of objects and events. Note that measuring instruments, such as rulers, can also be used for designing and constructing things that will work properly.

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4.1.6 Explain that even a good design may fail even though steps are taken ahead of time to reduce the likelihood of failure.

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4.1.7 Discuss and give examples of how technology, such as computers and medicines, has improved the lives of many people, although the benefits are not equally available to all.

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4.1.8 Recognize and explain that any invention may lead to other inventions.

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4.1.9 Explain how some products and materials are easier to recycle than others.

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Standard 2:
Scientific Thinking

Students use a variety of skills and techniques when attempting to answer questions and solve problems. They describe their observations* accurately and clearly, using numbers, words, and sketches, and are able to communicate their thinking to others. They compare, explain, and justify both information and numerical functions.

 

Computation and Estimation

 

4.2.1 Judge whether measurements and computations of quantities, such as length, area*, volume*, weight, or time, are reasonable.

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4.2.2 State the purpose, orally or in writing, of each step in a computation.
*observation: gain information through the use of one or more senses, such as sight, smell, etc.
*area: a measure of the size of a two-dimensional region
*volume: measure of the size of a three-dimensional object

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Manipulation and Observation

 

4.2.3 Make simple and safe electrical connections with various plugs, sockets, and terminals.

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Communication Skills

 

4.2.4 Use numerical data to describe and compare objects and events.

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4.2.5 Write descriptions of investigations, using observations and other evidence as support for explanations.

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Critical Response Skills

 

4.2.6 Support statements with facts found in print and electronic media, identify the sources used, and expect others to do the same.

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4.2.7 Identify better reasons for believing something than "Everybody knows that..." or "I just know" and discount such reasons when given by others.

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Standard 3:
The Physical Setting

Students continue to investigate changes of the Earth and sky and begin to understand the composition and size of the universe. They explore, describe, and classify materials, motion*, and energy*.

 

The Universe

 

4.3.1 Observe and report that the moon can be seen sometimes at night and sometimes during the day.

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The Earth and the Processes That Shape It

 

4.3.8 Explain that the rotation of the Earth on its axis every 24 hours produces the night-and-day cycle.

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4.3.9 Draw or correctly select drawings of shadows and their direction and length at different times of day.

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Matter* and Energy

 

4.3.11 Investigate and observe and explain that things that give off light often also give off heat*.

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4.3.12 Investigate, observe, and explain that heat is produced when one object rubs against another, such as one’s hands rubbing together.

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4.3.13 Observe and describe that things that give off heat, such as people, animals, and the sun.

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Forces of Nature

 

4.3.15 Demonstrate that without touching them, a magnet pulls all things made of iron and either pushes or pulls other magnets.

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4.3.16 Investigate and describe that without touching them, material that has been electrically charged pulls all other materials and may either push or pull other charged material.
*motion: the change in position of an object in a certain amount of time
*energy: what is needed to make things move
*erosion: the picking up and moving away of weathered rock and soil
*weathering: processes, such as wind, rain, etc., that break apart rock
*matter: anything that has mass and takes up space
*mass: a measure of how much matter is in an object
*heat: a form of energy
*fossil fuels: a fuel, such as natural gas or coal, that was formed a long time ago from decayed plants and animals

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Standard 5:
The Mathematical World

Students apply mathematics in scientific contexts. Their geometric descriptions of objects are comprehensive. They realize that graphing demonstrates specific connections between data. They identify questions that can be answered by data distribution.

 

Numbers

 

4.5.1 Explain that the meaning of numerals in many-digit numbers depends on their positions.

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4.5.2 Explain that in some situations, "0" means none of something, but in others it may be just the label of some point on a scale.

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Shapes and Symbolic Relationships

 

4.5.3 Illustrate how length can be thought of as unit lengths joined together, area* as a collection of unit squares, and volume* as a set of unit cubes.

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4.5.4 Demonstrate how graphical displays of numbers may make it possible to spot patterns
that are not otherwise obvious, such as comparative size and trends.
*area: a measure of the size of a two-dimensional region
*volume: a measure of the size of a three-dimensional object

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Reasoning and Uncertainty

 

4.5.5 Explain how reasoning can be distorted by strong feelings.

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Standard 6:
Common Themes

Students work with an increasing variety of systems and begin to modify parts in systems and models and notice the changes that result. They question why change occurs.

 

Systems

 

4.6.1 Demonstrate that in an object consisting of many parts, the parts usually influence or interact with one another.

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4.6.2 Show that something may not work as well, or at all, if a part of it is missing, broken, worn out, mismatched, or incorrectly connected.

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Models and Scale

 

4.6.3 Recognize that and describe how changes made to a model can help predict how the real thing can be altered.

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Constancy and Change

 

4.6.4 Observe and describe that some features of things may stay the same even when other features change.

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Fifth Grade

Standard 1:
The Nature of Science and Technology

Students work collaboratively to carry out investigations. They observe and make accurate measurements, increase their use of tools and instruments, record data in journals, and communicate results through chart, graph, written, and verbal forms. Students repeat investigations, explain inconsistencies, and design projects.

 

The Scientific View of the World

 

5.1.1 Recognize and describe that results of similar scientific investigations may turn out differently because of inconsistencies in methods, materials, and observations*.
*observation: gaining information through the use of one or more of the senses, such as sight, smell, etc.

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Scientific Inquiry

 

5.1.2 Begin to evaluate the validity of claims based on the amount and quality of the evidence cited.

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The Scientific Enterprise

 

5.1.3 Explain that doing science involves many different kinds of work and engages men, women, and children of all ages and backgrounds.

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Technology and Science

 

5.1.4 Give examples of technology, such as telescopes, microscopes, and cameras, that enable scientists and others to observe things that are too small or too far away to be seen without them and to study the motion of objects that are moving very rapidly or are hardly moving.

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5.1.5 Explain that technology extends the ability of people to make positive and/or negative changes in the world.

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5.1.6 Explain how the solution to one problem, such as the use of pesticides in agriculture or the use of dumps for waste disposal, may create other problems.

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5.1.7 Give examples of materials not present in nature, such as cloth, plastic, and concrete, that have become available because of science and technology.

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Standard 2:
Scientific Thinking

Students use a variety of skills and techniques when attempting to answer questions and solve problems. Students describe their observations accurately and clearly using numbers, words, and sketches, and are able to communicate their thinking to others. They compare, contrast, explain, and justify both information and numerical functions.

 

Computation and Estimation

 

5.2.1 Multiply and divide whole numbers* mentally, on paper, and with a calculator.

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5.2.2 Use appropriate fractions and decimals when solving problems.
*whole number: 0,1,2,3, etc.

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Manipulation and Observation

 

5.2.3 Choose appropriate common materials for making simple mechanical constructions and repairing things.

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5.2.4 Keep a notebook to record observations and be able to distinguish inferences* from actual observations.

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5.2.5 Use technology, such as calculators or spreadsheets, in determining area and volume from linear dimensions. Find area*, volume*, mass, time, and cost, and find the difference
between two quantities of anything.
*inference: a train of logic based on observations, leading to an explanation
*area: a measure of the size of a two-dimensional region
*volume: a measure of the size of a three-dimensional object

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Communication Skills

 

5.2.6 Write instructions that others can follow in carrying out a procedure.

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5.2.7 Read and follow step-by-step instructions when learning new procedures.

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Critical Response Skills

 

5.2.8 Recognize when and describe that comparisons might not be accurate because some of the conditions are not kept the same.

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Standard 3:
The Physical Setting

Students continue to investigate changes of the Earth and sky. They explore, describe, and classify materials, motion*, and energy*.

 

The Universe

 

5.3.1 Explain that telescopes are used to magnify distant objects in the sky including the moon and the planets.

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5.3.2 Observe and describe that stars are like the sun, some being smaller and some being larger, but they are so far away that they look like points of light.

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5.3.3 Observe the stars and identify stars that are unusually bright and those that have unusual colors, such as reddish or bluish.

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The Earth and the Processes That Shape It

 

5.3.6 Demonstrate that things on or near the Earth are pulled toward it by the Earth's gravity*.

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5.3.7 Describe that, like all planets and stars, the Earth is approximately spherical in shape.

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Matter*and Energy

 

5.3.9 Investigate, observe, and describe that when warmer things are put with cooler ones, the warm ones lose heat* and the cool ones gain it until they are all at the same temperature.
Demonstrate that a warmer object can warm a cooler one by contact or at a distance.

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5.3.10 Investigate that some materials conduct* heat much better than others, and poor conductors can reduce heat loss.

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Forces of Nature

 

5.3.11 Investigate and describe that changes in speed* or direction of motion of an object are caused by forces*. Understand that the greater the force, the greater the change in motion and the more massive* an object, the less effect a given force will have.

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5.3.12 Explain that objects move at different rates, with some moving very slowly and some moving too quickly for people to see them.

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5.3.13 Demonstrate that the Earth's gravity pulls any object toward it without touching it.
*motion: change in position of an object in a certain amount of time
*energy: what is needed to make something go
*gas: matter with no definite shape or volume
*liquid: matter with no definite shape but with a definite volume
*solid: matter with a definite shape and volume
*gravity: a force that pulls or attracts objects towards one another
*matter: anything that takes up space and has mass
*temperature: a measure of average heat energy that can be measured by using a thermometer
*heat: a form of energy
*conduction: the movement of heat through matter
*speed: the rate per unit time at which an object moves
*force: a push or a pull that can cause a change in the motion of an object
*mass: a measure of how much matter is in an object

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Standard 5:
The Mathematical World

Students apply mathematics in scientific contexts. They make more precise and varied measurements in gathering data. Their geometric descriptions of objects are comprehensive, and their graphing demonstrates specific connections. They identify questions that can be answered by data distribution, i.e. "Where is the middle?" and their supporting of claims or answers with reasons and analogies becomes important.

 

Numbers

 

5.5.1 Make precise and varied measurements and specify the appropriate units.

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Shapes and Symbolic Relationships

 

5.5.2 Show that mathematical statements using symbols may be true only when the symbols are replaced by certain numbers.

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5.5.3 Classify objects in terms of simple figures and solids.

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5.5.4 Compare shapes in terms of concepts, such as parallel and perpendicular, congruence* and symmetry.

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5.5.5 Demonstrate that areas of irregular shapes can be found by dividing them into squares and triangles.

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5.5.6 Describe and use drawings to show shapes and compare locations of things very different in size.
*congruence: same size and shape

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Reasoning and Uncertainty

 

5.5.7 Explain that predictions can be based on what is known about the past, assuming that conditions are similar.

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5.5.8 Realize and explain that predictions may be more accurate if they are based on large collections of objects or events.

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5.5.9 Show how spreading data out on a number line helps to see what the extremes are, where they pile up, and where the gaps are.

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5.5.10 Explain the danger in using only a portion of the data collected to describe the whole.

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Standard 6:
Common Themes

Students work with an increasing variety of systems and begin to modify parts in systems and models and notice the changes that result.

 

Systems

 

5.6.1 Recognize and describe that systems contain objects as well as processes that interact with each other.

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Models and Scale

 

5.6.2 Demonstrate how geometric figures, number sequences, graphs, diagrams, sketches, number lines, maps, and stories can be used to represent objects, events, and processes in the real world, although such representation can never be exact in every detail.

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5.6.3 Recognize and describe that almost anything has limits on how big or small it can be.

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Constancy and Change

 

5.6.4 Investigate, observe, and describe that things change in steady, repetitive, or irregular ways, such as toy cars continuing in the same direction and air temperature reaching a high or low value. Note that the best way to tell which kinds of change are happening is to make a table or a graph of measurements.

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Sixth Grade

Standard 1:
The Nature of Science and Technology

Students design investigations. They use computers and other technology to collect and analyze data; they explain findings, and can relate how they conduct investigations to how the scientific enterprise functions as a whole. Students understand that technology has allowed humans to do many things, yet it cannot always provide solutions to our needs.

 

The Scientific View of the World

 

6.1.1 Explain that some scientific knowledge, such as the length of the year, is very old and yet is still applicable today. Understand, however, that scientific knowledge is never exempt from review and criticism.

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Scientific Inquiry

 

6.1.2 Give examples of different ways scientists investigate natural phenomena and identify processes all scientists use, such as collection of relevant evidence, the use of logical reasoning, and the application of imagination in devising hypotheses* and explanations in order to make sense of the evidence.

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6.1.3 Recognize and explain that hypotheses are valuable, even if they turn out not to be true, if they lead to fruitful investigations.
*hypothesis: an informed guess or tentative explanation for which there is not yet much evidence The Scientific Enterprise

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6.1.4 Give examples of employers who hire scientists, such as colleges and universities, businesses and industries, hospitals and many government agencies.

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6.1.5 Identify places where scientists work including offices, classrooms, laboratories, farms, factories, and natural field settings ranging from space to the ocean floor.

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6.1.6 Explain that computers have become invaluable in science because they speed up and extend people’s ability to collect, store, compile, and analyze data, prepare research reports, and share data and ideas with investigators all over the world.

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Technology and Science

 

6.1.7 Explain that technology is essential to science for such purposes as access to outer space and other remote locations, sample collection and treatment, measurement, data collection and storage, computation, and communication of information.

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6.1.8 Describe instances showing that technology cannot always provide successful solutions for problems or fulfill every human need.

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6.1.9 Explain how technologies can influence all living things.

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Standard 2:
Scientific Thinking

Students use computers and other tools to collect information, calculate, and analyze data. They prepare tables and graphs, using these to summarize data and identify relationships.

 

Computation and Estimation

 

6.2.1 Find the mean* and median* of a set of data.

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6.2.2 Use technology, such as calculators or computer spreadsheets, in analysis of data.
*mean: the average obtained by adding the values and dividing by the number of values
*median: the value that divides a set of data, written in order of size, into two equal parts

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Manipulation and Observation

 

6.2.3 Select tools such as cameras and tape recorders for capturing information.

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6.2.4 Inspect, disassemble, and reassemble simple mechanical devices and describe what the various parts are for. Estimate what the effect of making a change in one part of a system is likely to have on the system as a whole.

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Communication Skills

 

6.2.5 Organize information in simple tables and graphs and identify relationships they reveal. Use tables and graphs as examples of evidence for explanations when writing essays or writing about lab work, fieldwork, etc.

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6.2.6 Read simple tables and graphs produced by others and describe in words what they show.

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6.2.7 Locate information in reference books, back issues of newspapers and magazines, compact disks, and computer databases.

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6.2.8 Analyze and interpret a given set of findings, demonstrating that there may be more than one good way to do so.

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Critical Response Skil